Symptoms 症状
chest distress胸闷
dyspnoea呼吸困难：paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea
breathlessness 气促
a poor effort tolerance
cough咳嗽
palpitation 心悸
precordial chest pain心前区胸痛
retrosternally chest pain 胸骨后胸痛
precipitation by exertion, promptly relief by rest or sublingual nitrate
a sense of oppression or tightness in the chest - like a band around the chest
patients may close a hand around the throat ,put a hand or clenched fist on the sternum
may radiate to the neck or jar, accompanied by discomfort in the arms(referred pain)
occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部的/肩胛间的
sense of impending death 濒死感
autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomiting Signs 体征
Vital signs 生命体征
blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure脉压):hypertension/hypotension
pulse rate 脉律: regular/irregular
dropped beat脉搏短绌
respitatory rate : tachypnea呼吸急促/ respiration ceases呼吸停止
temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷
cyanosis 发绀
loss of consciousness，unconsciousness意识丧失
tic of limbs四肢抽搐
gatism，urinary and fecal incontinence大小便失禁
cardiac apex (4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally) 心尖
palpable lift
thrill 震颤
cardiac dilatation心脏扩大
large right atrium 右房大
dilated left ventricle 左室大
beats per minute ,bpm (heart rate) 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia, regular/irregular rhythm
heart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4
gallop奔马律, systolic click收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap(二尖瓣)开瓣音,
pericardial knock 心包叩击音
heart murmur 心脏杂音
systolic/diastolic/continous
grade 1-5
crescendo/decrescendo 递增/递减
radiation
location
pitch音调
quality 性质
pericardial friction rub， pericardial rub心包摩擦音
inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音
wheezing rale 哮鸣音
cardiomegaly 心脏肥大
elevated venous pressure
distention of jugular vein，jugular filling，jugular varicosity颈静脉怒张/充盈
hepatojugular reflux sign肝颈静脉回流征
ascites 腹水
edema of lower extremity下肢水肿 Hypertensive disease高血压病
sphygmomanometer；blood pressure gauge，BPG血压计
stethoscope听诊器
hypertension
primary hypertension
secondary hypertension
chronic kidney disease, CKD
drugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug，NSAID非甾体类抗炎药
glucocorticosteroids糖皮质激素
mineral corticoid ，MCH盐皮质激素
oral contraceptives口服避孕药
adrenomimetic拟肾上腺素药
monoamine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制剂
tricyclic antidepressant;TCA三环类抗抑郁药
immunodepressant免疫抑制剂（如ciclosporin环孢素）
erythropoietin， EPO 促红细胞生成素
hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis甲状腺功能亢进
primary hyperaldosteronism原发性醛固酮增多症
adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺皮质增生症
chromaffin-cell tumor，chromaffinom，medullosuprarenoma，
phaeochromocytoma，PCC嗜铬细胞瘤
sleep apnea syndrome睡眠呼吸暂停综合征
diabetes mellitus糖尿病
coarctation of aorta，COA主动脉缩窄
white coat hypertension
isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压
hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症
hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急症
hypertensive crisis 高血压危象
hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压性脑病 The coronary circulation
left anterior descending artery,LAD
left circumflex coronary artery, LCX
right coronary artery, RCA
Coronary artery disease;coronary heart disease，CAD,CHD冠心病
atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化
atheromatous plaques 动脉粥样斑块
plaque rupture 斑块破裂
angina pectoris 心绞痛
stable angina pectoris 稳定性心绞痛
variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛
silent myocardial ischemia 无症状心肌缺血（latent coronary heart disease 隐匿性冠心病）
myocardial bridging 心肌桥
post-infarction angina pectoris 梗死后心绞痛
acute coronary syndrome，ACS 急性冠脉综合征
unstable angina pectoris ,UAP 不稳定心绞痛
rest 静息型 , new/initial初发型，accelerated 恶化型
acute myocardial infarction ,AMI 急性心肌梗死
non-ST segment elevation MI, NSTEMI
    ST segment elevation MI， STEMI
sudden cardiac death, SCD 心脏性猝死
dysfunction/rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能不全/断裂
rupture of chordae tendineae腱索断裂
rupture of the heart ,cardiac rupture心脏破裂
embolism 栓塞（systemic体循环的）
cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤
postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征 Four chambers: left/right atrium/ventricle 心房/心室 （atrial 心房的,ventricular 心室的）
atrial septum房间隔 interventricular septum 室间隔
Cardiac insufficiency心功能不全，heart failure 心衰
compensated/overt heart failure 代偿性/显性心衰
congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭
acute/chronic left-sided heart failure 急/慢性左心衰竭
intractable heart failure难治性心衰
systolic/diastolic insufficiency heart failure收缩/舒张功能不全的心衰 The electrical conduction system
sinoatrial node
His bundle
right and left bundles
left anterior and posterior hemibundles
Purkinje network
Arrhythmia 心律失常
triggered activity 触发活动
re-entry 折返
afterdepolarization 后除极
sinus bradycardia/ tachycardia窦性心动过缓/心动过速
sinus pause (sinus arrest)窦性停搏（窦性静止）
sinoatrial block (Wenckebach 文氏，Mobitz莫氏)
sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病态窦房结综合征：bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome
atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩
atrial tachycardia(automatic, reentrant,chaotic) (自律性，折返性，紊乱性)房性心动过速